下面，总结一下，在Linux中，各种命令（工具）使用过程中，相对比较通用的一些逻辑和用法：
1.查看命令帮助（使用说明）：xxx –help
比如Linux常见的两个命令：
显示目录下的文件（和文件夹的：ls
拷贝文件的：cp
对应的–help输出的内容为：
Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src
$ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them. E.g.,
`--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of
1,048,576 bytes. See SIZE format below.
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information)
with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always'
or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents,
and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append `*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files.
augment with a --sort option, but any
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k, --kibibytes use 1024-byte blocks
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default
unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,
extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification
time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c,
or status -c; use specified time as sort key
if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is
FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time, newest first
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time
with -l: show access time and sort by name
otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file
-1 list one file per line
--append-exe append .exe if cygwin magic was needed
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024). Units
are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
Report ls bugs to [email protected]
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'ls invocation'
Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src
$ cp --help
Usage: cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
or: cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all
--attributes-only don't copy the file data, just the attributes
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
--copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive
-d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links
-f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be
opened, remove it and try again (redundant if
the -n option is used)
-i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n
option)
-H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE
-l, --link hard link files instead of copying
-L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE
-n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides
a previous -i option)
-P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE
-p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps
--preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default:
mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible
additional attributes: context, links, xattr,
all
--no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes
--parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY
-R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively
--reflink[=WHEN] control clone/CoW copies. See below
--remove-destination remove each existing destination file before
attempting to open it (contrast with --force)
--sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files. See below
--strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE
argument
-s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
-T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file
-u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer
than the destination file or when the
destination file is missing
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
-x, --one-file-system stay on this file system
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the
corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior
selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST
file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes.
Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files.
When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the
data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy
fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy.
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through
the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:
none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)
numbered, t make numbered backups
existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
simple, never always make simple backups
As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup
options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing,
regular file.
Report cp bugs to [email protected]
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
Report cp translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'cp invocation'其中，可以看到，各种参数的用法和含义。
当你对某个命令，不是很熟悉的时候，多去看看help，绝对会有很大帮助。
2.-x等价于–yyy
Linux下的命令的参数，多数都是
短横线加上一个字母，即-x
其往往，也有个等价的，两个短横线加上一个单词的，写法。
比如：
ls的-h，表示以人类可读的形式输出内容，等价于–human-readable
示例如下：
Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src/eglibc-2.10/localedef $ ls -l -h total 299K -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 735 Aug 17 17:24 ChangeLog.eglibc -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 5.4K Aug 17 17:24 Makefile.in -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 1.8K Aug 17 17:24 asprintf.c -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 42K Aug 17 17:24 config.guess -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 4.7K Aug 17 17:24 config.h.in -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 31K Aug 17 17:24 config.sub -rwxr-xr-x 1 Administrator None 170K Aug 17 17:24 configure -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 4.1K Aug 17 17:24 configure.ac -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 610 Aug 17 17:24 getdelim.c drwxr-xr-x+ 1 Administrator None 0 Aug 17 17:24 include -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 5.5K Aug 17 17:24 install-sh -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 148 Aug 17 17:24 localedef_extra.c -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 405 Aug 17 17:24 obstack_printf.c -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 3.5K Aug 17 17:24 vasprintf.c Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src/eglibc-2.10/localedef $ ls -l --human-readable total 299K -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 735 Aug 17 17:24 ChangeLog.eglibc -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 5.4K Aug 17 17:24 Makefile.in -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 1.8K Aug 17 17:24 asprintf.c -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 42K Aug 17 17:24 config.guess -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 4.7K Aug 17 17:24 config.h.in -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 31K Aug 17 17:24 config.sub -rwxr-xr-x 1 Administrator None 170K Aug 17 17:24 configure -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 4.1K Aug 17 17:24 configure.ac -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 610 Aug 17 17:24 getdelim.c drwxr-xr-x+ 1 Administrator None 0 Aug 17 17:24 include -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 5.5K Aug 17 17:24 install-sh -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 148 Aug 17 17:24 localedef_extra.c -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 405 Aug 17 17:24 obstack_printf.c -rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 3.5K Aug 17 17:24 vasprintf.c Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src/eglibc-2.10/localedef $
注意：
当给参数加上参数的时候，都是
-x para
等价于
–yyy=para
即
-x后面有空格，再加上参数
而–yyy后面是等于号，再加上参数。
比如，我之前整理的：
中给make加上多线程，就是：
make –j 4
或：
make –jobs=4
3.查看命令的版本，一般都是-v（和，或–version）
Linux下想要查看某个命令的版本，多数都是可以通–version的
有些也还可以使用-v或-V，输出版本信息。
比如ls的–version：
Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src/eglibc-2.10/localedef $ ls --version ls (GNU coreutils) 8.15 Packaged by Cygwin (8.15-1) Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
cp的–version：
Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src/eglibc-2.10/localedef $ cp --version cp (GNU coreutils) 8.15 Packaged by Cygwin (8.15-1) Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by Torbj"orn Granlund, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering.
4.-r或-R，很多时候都是表示递归Recursive的意思
Linux下面，有很多命令，都是用-r或-R，表示递归的意思：
比如ls是用-R，cp是用-R或-r都可以：
ls --help ... -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively cp --help ... -R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively
5.
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