dd – linux command

dd command ,an example :

dd if=/dev/zero of=test.bin bs=1M count=10

detail explanation:

OPERANDS

The following operands are supported:

if=file

Specifies the input path. Standard input is the default.

of=file

Specifies the output path. Standard output is the default. If the seek=expr conversion is not also specified, the output file will be truncated before the copy begins, unless conv=notrunc is specified. If seek=expr is specified, but conv=notrunc is not, the effect of the copy will be to preserve the blocks in the output file over which dd seeks, but no other portion of the output file will be preserved. (If the size of the seek plus the size of the input file is less than the previous size of the output file, the output file is shortened by the copy.)

ibs=n

Specifies the input block size in n bytes (default is 512).

obs=n

Specifies the output block size in n bytes (default is 512).

bs=n

Sets both input and output block sizes to n bytes, superseding ibs= and obs=. If no conversion other than sync, noerror, and notrunc is specified, each input block is copied to the output as a single block without aggregating short blocks.

cbs=n

Specifies the conversion block size for block and unblock in bytes by n (default is 0). If cbs= is omitted or given a value of 0, using block or unblock produces unspecified results.

This option is used only if ASCII or EBCDIC conversion is specified. For the ascii and asciib operands, the input is handled as described for the unblock operand except that characters are converted to ASCII before the trailing SPACE characters are deleted. For the ebcdic, ebcdicb, ibm, and ibmb operands, the input is handled as described for the block operand except that the characters are converted to EBCDIC or IBM EBCDIC after the trailing SPACE characters are added.

files=n

Copies and concatenates n input files before terminating (makes sense only where input is a magnetic tape or similar device).

skip=n

Skips n input blocks (using the specified input block size) before starting to copy. On seekable files, the implementation reads the blocks or seeks past them. On non-seekable files, the blocks are read and the data is discarded.

iseek=n

Seeks n blocks from beginning of input file before copying (appropriate for disk files, where skip can be incredibly slow).

oseek=n

Seeks n blocks from beginning of output file before copying.

seek=n

Skips n blocks (using the specified output block size) from beginning of output file before copying. On non-seekable files, existing blocks are read and space from the current end-of-file to the specified offset, if any, is filled with null bytes. On seekable files, the implementation seeks to the specified offset or reads the blocks as described for non-seekable files.

count=n

Copies only n input blocks.

conv=value[,value. . . ]

Where values are comma-separated symbols from the following list:

ascii: Converts EBCDIC to ASCII.
asciib: Converts EBCDIC to ASCII using BSD-compatible character translations.
ebcdic: Converts ASCII to EBCDIC. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
ebcdicb: Converts ASCII to EBCDIC using BSD-compatible character translations. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
ibm: Slightly different map of ASCII to EBCDIC. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
ibmb: Slightly different map of ASCII to EBCDIC using BSD-compatible character translations. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.

The ascii (or asciib), ebcdic (or ebcdicb), and ibm (or ibmb) values are mutually exclusive.

block: Treats the input as a sequence of NEWLINE-terminated or EOF-terminated variable-length records independent of the input block boundaries. Each record is converted to a record with a fixed length specified by the conversion block size. Any NEWLINE character is removed from the input line. SPACE characters are appended to lines that are shorter than their conversion block size to fill the block. Lines that are longer than the conversion block size are truncated to the largest number of characters that will fit into that size. The number of truncated lines is reported.
unblock: Converts fixed-length records to variable length. Reads a number of bytes equal to the conversion block size (or the number of bytes remaining in the input, if less than the conversion block size), delete all trailing SPACE characters, and append a NEWLINE character.

The block and unblock values are mutually exclusive.

lcase: Maps upper-case characters specified by the LC_CTYPE keyword tolower to the corresponding lower-case character. Characters for which no mapping is specified are not modified by this conversion.
ucase: Maps lower-case characters specified by the LC_CTYPE keyword toupper to the corresponding upper-case character. Characters for which no mapping is specified are not modified by this conversion.

The lcase and ucase symbols are mutually exclusive.

swab: Swaps every pair of input bytes. If the current input record is an odd number of bytes, the last byte in the input record is ignored.
noerror: Does not stop processing on an input error. When an input error occurs, a diagnostic message is written on standard error, followed by the current input and output block counts in the same format as used at completion. If the sync conversion is specified, the missing input is replaced with null bytes and processed normally. Otherwise, the input block will be omitted from the output.
notrunc: Does not truncate the output file. Preserves blocks in the output file not explicitly written by this invocation of dd. (See also the preceding of=file operand.)
sync: Pads every input block to the size of the ibs= buffer, appending null bytes. (If either block or unblock is also specified, appends SPACE characters, rather than null bytes.)

If operands other than conv= are specified more than once, the last specified operand=value is used.

For the bs=, cbs=, ibs=, and obs= operands, the application must supply an expression specifying a size in bytes. The expression, expr, can be:

a positive decimal number
a positive decimal number followed by k, specifying multiplication by 1024
a positive decimal number followed by b, specifying multiplication by 512
two or more positive decimal numbers (with or without k or b) separated by x, specifying the product of the indicated values.

All of the operands will be processed before any input is read.

USAGE

See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of dd when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2³¹ bytes).

EXAMPLES

Example 1 Copying from one tape drive to another

The following example copies from tape drive 0 to tape drive 1, using a common historical device naming convention.

example% dd if=/dev/rmt/0h of=/dev/rmt/1h

Example 2 Stripping the first 10 bytes from standard input

The following example strips the first 10 bytes from standard input:

example% <strong><kbd>dd ibs=10  skip=1</kbd></strong>

Example 3 Reading a tape into an ASCII file

This example reads an EBCDIC tape blocked ten 80-byte EBCDIC card images per block into the ASCII file x:

example% <strong><kbd>dd if=/dev/tape of=x ibs=800 cbs=80 conv=ascii,lcase</kbd></strong>

Example 4 Using conv=sync to write to tape

The following example uses conv=sync when writing to a tape:

example% tar cvf - . | compress | dd obs=1024k of=/dev/rmt/0 conv=sync

转载请注明：在路上 » dd – linux command

Post Views: 557