【已解决】Mac中pipenv中运行PySpider出错：ImportError pycurl libcurl link-time ssl backend (openssl) is different from compile-time ssl backend (none/other)

同事的Mac 10.12.6的macOS Sierra系统：

某项目中，安装了pipenv后，去运行pyspider，结果出现之前遇到过的问题：

ImportError pycurl libcurl link-time ssl backend (openssl) is different from compile-time ssl backend (none/other)

参考之前自己的：

【已解决】pyspider运行出错：ImportError pycurl libcurl link-time ssl backend (openssl) is different from compile-time ssl backend (none/other)

试了上述的有所的办法，包括：

<code>pipenv shell

pip uninstall pycurl
export PYCURL_SSL_LIBRARY=openssl
export LDFLAGS=-L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib;export CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include;pip install pycurl --compile --no-cache-dir
</code>

问题依旧。

然后又去参考了：

mportError: pycurl: libcurl link-time ssl backend (openssl) is different from compile-time ssl backend (none/other) · Issue #4 · transloadit/python-sdk

的

<code>pipenv shell

pipenv uninstall pycurl

export CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include
export LDFLAGS=-L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib

pip install pycurl --global-option="--with-openssl"
</code>

以及：

<code>brew reinstall openssl
pip uninstall pycurl
pip install --install-option="--with-openssl" --install-option="--openssl-dir=/usr/local/opt/openssl" pycurl
</code>

相关log

<code>(xxx_process) bash-3.2$ brew reinstall openssl
==&gt; Reinstalling openssl
==&gt; Downloading https://homebrew.bintray.com/bottles/openssl-1.0.2p.sierra.bottle.tar.gz
Already downloaded: /Users/mac/Library/Caches/Homebrew/downloads/a8e90b7dde6f36b6095c1bda76ddcaafb3993c2899bb2742d4d3c59805690c29--openssl-1.0.2p.sierra.bottle.tar.gz
==&gt; Pouring openssl-1.0.2p.sierra.bottle.tar.gz
==&gt; Caveats
A CA file has been bootstrapped using certificates from the SystemRoots
keychain. To add additional certificates (e.g. the certificates added in
the System keychain), place .pem files in
  /usr/local/etc/openssl/certs

and run
  /usr/local/opt/openssl/bin/c_rehash

openssl is keg-only, which means it was not symlinked into /usr/local,
because Apple has deprecated use of OpenSSL in favor of its own TLS and crypto libraries.

If you need to have openssl first in your PATH run:
  echo 'export PATH="/usr/local/opt/openssl/bin:$PATH"' &gt;&gt; ~/.bash_profile

For compilers to find openssl you may need to set:
  export LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib"
  export CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include"

For pkg-config to find openssl you may need to set:
  export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib/pkgconfig"

==&gt; Summary
🍺  /usr/local/Cellar/openssl/1.0.2p: 1,793 files, 12.3MB
</code>

以及：

重新安装了Python官网下载的Python 3.6.7，问题依旧。

后来又遇到：

src/pycurl.h:164:13: fatal error: ‘openssl/ssl.h’ file not found

参考自己的：

【已解决】Mac中编译安装pycurl失败：error: command ‘gcc’ failed with exit status 1

发现：

自己之前是：

<code>xx-Pro:~ x$ which openssl
/usr/bin/openssl

xx-Pro:~ x$ openssl version -a
LibreSSL 2.2.7
built on: date not available
platform: information not available
options:  bn(64,64) rc4(ptr,int) des(idx,cisc,16,int) blowfish(idx)
compiler: information not available
OPENSSLDIR: "/private/etc/ssl"
</code>

此处是：

<code>(xx) bash-3.2$ which openssl
/usr/local/opt/openssl/bin/openssl
(xx) bash-3.2$ openssl version -a
OpenSSL 1.0.2p  14 Aug 2018
built on: reproducible build, date unspecified
platform: darwin64-x86_64-cc
options:  bn(64,64) rc4(ptr,int) des(idx,cisc,16,int) idea(int) blowfish(idx)
compiler: clang -I. -I.. -I../include  -fPIC -fno-common -DOPENSSL_PIC -DOPENSSL_THREADS -D_REENTRANT -DDSO_DLFCN -DHAVE_DLFCN_H -arch x86_64 -O3 -DL_ENDIAN -Wall -DOPENSSL_IA32_SSE2 -DOPENSSL_BN_ASM_MONT -DOPENSSL_BN_ASM_MONT5 -DOPENSSL_BN_ASM_GF2m -DSHA1_ASM -DSHA256_ASM -DSHA512_ASM -DMD5_ASM -DAES_ASM -DVPAES_ASM -DBSAES_ASM -DWHIRLPOOL_ASM -DGHASH_ASM -DECP_NISTZ256_ASM
OPENSSLDIR: "/usr/local/etc/openssl"
</code>

-》

• 自己10.13.6的Mac中：

• openssl路径是：/usr/bin/openssl

• openssl version中用的库是：LibreSSL 2.2.7

• 同事的10.12.6的Mac中：

• openssl路径是：/usr/local/opt/openssl/bin/openssl

• openssl version中用的库是：OpenSSL 1.0.2p  14 Aug 2018

-》完全不同。

去找了下区别：

tls – What are the main advantages of using LibreSSL in favor of OpenSSL – Information Security Stack Exchange

https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/112545/what-are-the-main-advantages-of-using-libressl-in-favor-of-openssl

解释是：

LibreSSL是基于TLS/crypto栈的，2014年从OpenSSL分出来的版本

LibreSSL有更多优势：

• 代码架构更加优化

• 提升了安全性

• OpenSSL出现过的6个安全漏洞，在LibreSSL中都没有出现

• 更多最佳实践过程

并且大家采用LibreSSL也更多：

• OpenBSD中，替代了OpenSSL

• OS X 10.11之后就换用LibreSSL了

-》结论很明显：

能用LibreSSL就用LibreSSL，尽量不要在用OpenSSL了。

-》所以此处为了解决

ImportError: pycurl: libcurl link-time ssl backend (none/other) is different from compile-time ssl backend (openssl)

的问题，最好是去升级macOS到最新版本后，再去安装openssl，然后或许问题就可以解决了。

-》结果真的问题就解决了。

-》说明真的是：

【总结】

旧Mac系统 10.12.6中，用brew install openssl时：

https://homebrew.bintray.com/bottles/openssl-1.0.2p.sierra.bottle.tar.gz

-》去下载的是sierra=10.12.6的Mac的openssl

-》其内部用的库是：OpenSSL

而新系统，至少：

我的 10.13.6 macOS High Sierra

和同事升级后的：10.14 macOS Mojave

（参考：

【已解决】Mac中编译安装pycurl失败：error: command ‘gcc’ failed with exit status 1

）

brew install openssl

安装：

https://homebrew.bintray.com/bottles/openssl-1.0.2p.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz

的是：high sierra

-》 是10.13.6之后的openssl

-》内部的库是：LibreSSL

-》此时才可以正常使用。

-》后续运行pyspider才正常。

所以此处的解决办法就是：

升级Mac系统到10.13.6 macOS High Sierra（或更新的10.14 macOS Mojave）

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